OPTIONALS
For the civil services examination, UPSC provides a list of optional subjects. Candidates have to choose one optional for the mains exam.
Sociology
Sociology is the study of society, social behavior, and the interactions among individuals within social systems.
Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humanity, encompassing the biological, cultural, linguistic, and social aspects of human existence across time and space.
PSIR
(PSIR) is the study of power, governance, political systems, and interactions between states, as well as non-state actors, in the international arena.
Geography
Geography is the study of Earth's landscapes, environments, and the relationships between people and their surroundings, encompassing both physical and human aspects.
History
History is the study of past events, societies, and human experiences, providing insights into the complexities of the human condition and the forces that shape the world.